Know Your Rights by State

Constitutional rights, recording laws, stop-and-identify rules, concealed carry, and Stand Your Ground status — every U.S. state and D.C., kept current.

Police-encounter laws change at the state line. This 51-state directory tells you in seconds whether your state requires you to identify yourself, whether you can record an officer without their consent, and whether Stand Your Ground applies — so you know your rights before the lights flash.

Alabama

5.1M residents · Capital: Montgomery

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Alaska

0.7M residents · Capital: Juneau

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Arizona

7.4M residents · Capital: Phoenix

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Arkansas

3.1M residents · Capital: Little Rock

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

California

39.0M residents · Capital: Sacramento

Two-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Colorado

5.9M residents · Capital: Denver

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Connecticut

3.6M residents · Capital: Hartford

Two-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Delaware

1.0M residents · Capital: Dover

Two-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

District of Columbia

0.7M residents · Capital: Washington

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Florida

22.6M residents · Capital: Tallahassee

Two-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Georgia

11.0M residents · Capital: Atlanta

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Hawaii

1.4M residents · Capital: Honolulu

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Idaho

2.0M residents · Capital: Boise

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Illinois

12.5M residents · Capital: Springfield

Two-party consent · Stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Indiana

6.9M residents · Capital: Indianapolis

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Iowa

3.2M residents · Capital: Des Moines

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Kansas

2.9M residents · Capital: Topeka

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Kentucky

4.5M residents · Capital: Frankfort

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Louisiana

4.6M residents · Capital: Baton Rouge

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Maine

1.4M residents · Capital: Augusta

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Maryland

6.2M residents · Capital: Annapolis

Two-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Massachusetts

7.0M residents · Capital: Boston

Two-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Michigan

10.0M residents · Capital: Lansing

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Minnesota

5.7M residents · Capital: Saint Paul

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Mississippi

2.9M residents · Capital: Jackson

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Missouri

6.2M residents · Capital: Jefferson City

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Montana

1.1M residents · Capital: Helena

Two-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Nebraska

2.0M residents · Capital: Lincoln

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Nevada

3.2M residents · Capital: Carson City

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

New Hampshire

1.4M residents · Capital: Concord

Two-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

New Jersey

9.3M residents · Capital: Trenton

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

New Mexico

2.1M residents · Capital: Santa Fe

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Duty to retreat

New York

19.6M residents · Capital: Albany

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Duty to retreat

North Carolina

10.8M residents · Capital: Raleigh

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

North Dakota

0.8M residents · Capital: Bismarck

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Ohio

11.8M residents · Capital: Columbus

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Oklahoma

4.1M residents · Capital: Oklahoma City

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Oregon

4.2M residents · Capital: Salem

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Pennsylvania

13.0M residents · Capital: Harrisburg

Two-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Rhode Island

1.1M residents · Capital: Providence

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Duty to retreat

South Carolina

5.4M residents · Capital: Columbia

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

South Dakota

0.9M residents · Capital: Pierre

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Tennessee

7.1M residents · Capital: Nashville

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Texas

30.5M residents · Capital: Austin

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Utah

3.4M residents · Capital: Salt Lake City

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Vermont

0.6M residents · Capital: Montpelier

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Virginia

8.7M residents · Capital: Richmond

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Washington

7.8M residents · Capital: Olympia

Two-party consent · Stop & ID · Duty to retreat

West Virginia

1.8M residents · Capital: Charleston

One-party consent · No stop & ID · Stand Your Ground

Wisconsin

5.9M residents · Capital: Madison

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Duty to retreat

Wyoming

0.6M residents · Capital: Cheyenne

One-party consent · Stop & ID · Stand Your Ground